Etna Volcano Disasters

Etna Volcano

Mount Etna, is a active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, near Messina and Catania. It lies on a convergent plate boundary between Africa and Pancake Pancake Eurasia. This is the highest active volcano in Europe, currently standing 3,329 m (10,922 ft) high, although this was different from the summit eruption. This is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of ​​1190 km2 (459 sq mi) with basal of around 140 km. This makes by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, to about two and a half times higher, while the largest of Mount Vesuvius. Mount Teide in Tenerife just beyond it all over the Europe-North Africa region.  In Greek mythology, Typhon deadly monster trapped under the mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky, and the forge of Hephaestus is said to lie below it. 

Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and in a state of almost constant activity. Fertile volcanic soil supports extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards scattered on the slopes of the mountains and vast plains of Catania in the south. The history of recent activity in the surrounding population, Mount Etna has been designated as Decade Volcano by the United Nations.

Etymology

According to the Place-names' World Adrian Room, the name of Etna is said to come from Phoenicia attuna word meaning "relau." He rejected the theory that Etna was the source of the Greek word meaning "I burn."  In Classical Greece, he was called Αἴτνη (Aítnē),  and Aetna in Latin. It is also known as Mongibello Muncibeddu in Sicily and in Italian (from the Latin Mons and Arabic gibel, both meaning mountain ). the Arabic name Ǧabal name al-Nar ("Mountain of Fire").

Geological History

The first volcanic activity took place in Etna around half a million years ago, with eruptions that occurred under the sea off the coast of ancient Sicily.  Around 300,000 years ago, volcanism began to occur in the southwest peak (top center of the volcano) then, before moving to the center of activities present 170,000 years ago. This second eruption of the volcano he built the first large, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive eruption and efusif. Mountain growth is sometimes interrupted by a large eruption.

which caused the collapse of the summit to form about 35,000 up to 15,000 kaldera.Dari years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flow, which left large deposits Ignimbrit. Ash from this eruption has been found as far as Rome, 800 km (497 miles) in north. 

Thousand years ago, the east wing of the mountain experience catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide left a large depression on the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bové' (Valley of Ox). A study published in 2006 suggests this occurred around 8000 years ago, and cause huge tsunami, which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. 

This may have been the reasons athletes solutions Yam (Israel), now under the sea, suddenly abandoned around that time.  steep valley walls have suffered subsequent collapse on numerous occasions. Open strata in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of history Etna. The most recent eruption at the top of the latest collapse of Etna is thought to have occurred around 2000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but still appear as a different break in the slopes near the base of the cone peak current.

ERUPTIONS

Historical Eruptions

etna eruptions 2002

Etna eruption is not always the same. What happened at the summit, where there is currently (2008) six different crater-Northeast Crater, Voragine, Bocca Nuova, and Southeast Crater. Another eruption occurred in the ribs, where there is more than 300 holes, the size of small holes in the ground for a large crater hundreds of meters across. Summit eruptions can be very explosive and very impressive, but rarely threatened to inhabited areas around the volcano. In contrast, the eruption may occur in the ribs a few hundred feet altitude, close or better in populated areas. Many villages and small towns located around the ribs or the eruption of the last con. Since the year 1600 CE (AD), there are at least 60 eruptions eruption of the ribs and countless summits, nearly half of which have occurred since the beginning of the 20th century, and since 2000, there are four ribs eruption of Etna to now, in 2001 , 2002-2003, 2004-2005, 2008-2009. Summit eruption occurred in 2006, from 2007 to 2008 and again in January 2012.Rekod first known volcanic eruption at Etna Diodorus Siculus.

In 396 BC, an eruption of Etna is said to have defeated Carthaginians in their efforts to advance in Syracuse, Sicily War Kedua.Sebuah particularly violent explosion (Plinian) summit eruption occurred in 122 BC, and caused heavy tephra fall in the southeast, including the city of Catania, in where many roofs collapse [10] To help rebuild and deal with the crushing effects of the eruption. , The Roman Empire to free the people from Catania from paying taxes for ten tahun.Selama first 1500 years AD, the eruption of a lot of unreported (or note has been lost), 

the material is: 

1.  eruption around 1030 AD in the presence of near Monte Ilice lower southeast, which produces lava flows that travel about 10 km north of Acireale reach the ocean; village of Santa Tecla and Stazzo built in this vast delta built by lava flows into the sea, 
2.  eruption at about 1160 (or 1224), from gap at only 350-450 m (1.148 to 1.476 ft) high in the south-east side near the village Mascalucia, the lava flow will reach the sea north of Catania, in the territories now occupied by the city named Ognina.

etna south east crater eruptions 2006

Etna eruptions of the most damaging since 122 BC began on March 11, 1669, and produced lava flows that destroyed at least 10 villages on the southern side before reaching the wall of the city of Catania city five weeks later, on April 15. Lava largely removed by the walls to the sea in the south of the city, filling the port of Catania. Small part of the lava finally broke through fragile parts of the city walls on the west side of Catania and destroyed several buildings before stopping at the back of the Benedictine monastery, without reaching the city center. Contrary to wide reports to 15,000 (or even 20,000) of human casualties caused by the lava.

Contemporary reports written in Italian and English well mention there are no deaths related to the eruption in 1669 (but provide very accurate figures from a number of buildings destroyed, area of ​​agricultural land is lost, and economic damage), so we can safely assume that a large number of victims is often invited by the mass media also have to be confused with the south-eastern Sicily earthquake (including Catania) 24 years later, in 1693. A study on damage and casualties caused by the eruption of Etna in the time history reveals that only 77 deaths can be attributed with certainty to eruption of Etna, the last in 1987 when two tourists lost by a sudden explosion near the peak.

Recent Eruptions

One more huge lava flows from the eruption in 1928 led to the destruction of the first and only center of population since the 1669 eruption. The eruption started high in the northeast wing of Etna on November 2, then newly opened fissure eruption at the height of the ribs down the volcano ever lower. The third and most powerful is open through the cracks on 4 November at unusually low altitude, about 1200 m (3.937 feet) above sea level, in a zone called the cook della NACA. Mascali village, lying downslope della cook NACA, was removed within two days, with the lava destroying nearly every building. Only a few of the church and surrounding buildings survived in the north of this village, called Sant'Antonino or "il quartiere". When the last days of the eruption, the flow lines Messina-Catania disrupted and destroyed the railway station Mascali. This event has been used by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime for propaganda purposes, with transfer operations, relief and reconstruction are presented as models of fascist planning. Mascali been rebuilt on a new site, and the church containing Italian fascist torch symbol, placed on the statue of Jesus Christ. Early months of November 2008, commemorating the city's 80th birthday Mascali eruption and the destruction of the village with several public manifestations and conferences where other people are still living among the witnesses who remembered their responses of eruption.

Other major of the 20th-century eruptions  happening in 1949, 1971, 1981, 1983 and 1991-1993. In 1971, lava buried perceive Etna (built in the late 19th century), destroyed the first generation of Etna cable car, and seriously threatened several small villages in the east wing of Etna. In March 1981, the city of Randazzo on the northwestern wing of Etna narrowly escaped from destruction by incredible fast-moving lava flow - eruption was similar to one from 1928 that destroyed Mascali. 1991-1993 witnessed the eruption of Zafferana threatened by lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the city with the loss of only one building a few hundred yards from the margin of the city. Initially, the effort consists of the construction of earth barriers built perpendicularly to the flow direction and he hoped that it will stop before the eruption of the Basin created artificial barriers would otherwise be filled in completely. In contrast, continuous eruption and lava overcome obstacles, to continue in the direction of Zafferana. He then decided to use explosives near the source of lava flows, lava tubes to disrupt the system is very efficient where the lava is traversed up to 7 km (4 miles) without essentially losing heat and fluidity. The main explosion on May 23, 1992 destroyed the lava tubes and lava forced into new channels made, far from Zafferana, and he would have taken months to make back a long lava tube. After the explosions, lava emission levels down and when the rest of the eruption (until March 30, 1993) lava never advanced close to the city again.  

After six years (1995-2001) a great activity in the four fierce Etna summit craters, volcanic eruptions produced the first rib from 1991-1993 in July-August 2001. This eruption, which involves the activity of seven different fissure eruption mostly on the southern slopes of the volcano, the eruption of mass media, because it occurred at the height of tourist season and many journalists and reporters have been in Italy for the G8 summit in Genoa included. He also happens almost every tourist area on the volcano, and therefore it is easily accessible. Part of the "Etna Sud" tourist areas, including the Etna cable car arrival station, has been destroyed by this eruption, which in turn is an event that is rather simple to measure default Etna.

etna september 2007 eruptions

in 2002-2003, larger eruptions throw huge columns of ash that can easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, 600 km (370 miles) south across the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the volcano east side slip to two meters, and many houses were damaged in the ribs of volcanic structures. This eruption destroyed tourist station Piano Provenzana, in the east wing of the volcano, and some travelers from the station Etna Sud "Rifugio Sapienza ribs around the south. Futej of the eruption recorded by Lucasfilm and integrated into the landscape in the year 2005 the planet Mustafar from Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith  Rifugio Sapienza on the cable car station site prior to the eruption disappeared in 1983, he has now been rebuilt. Following the lava flows out rather quietly, slowly and does not damage the ribs on the south between September 2004 and March 2005 , a fierce eruption occurred in Southeast Crater in July-December 2006. This is followed by four episodes of lava fountaining, again at the Southeast Crater, on March 29, 11 April, 29 April, and May 7, 2007. Ash release and strombolian explosions started from perforated east of the Southeast Crater in mid-August 2007.

On 4 September 2007 episode of lava fountaining amazing happens from the new hole in the east of Southeast Crater, also produces a cloud of ash and Scoriae falling over the east wing of the volcano. A lava flow about the trip about 4.5 km (2.8 bt) to the Valle del Bove which are uninhabited. eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 am local time. Catania-Fontanarossa Airport shut down operations at night for security measures. One sudden attack similar happened during the night 23 to 24 November 2007, which lasted for six hours and caused ash and lapilli falls to the north of the volcano. Once again, the source activity is perforated in the east wing of Southeast Crater. After several months of activity rather fraction of the Southeast Crater and Flood seismic activity especially in the eastern mountains, a sudden attack of new powerful eruption occurred on the afternoon of May 10, 2008. Due to bad weather, it is unlikely to see much activity in the hole, but a few branches wander lava mountains east wing volcano, in the Valle del Bove depression, reaching as much as 6.2 km (3.9 miles). latest attack suddenly this last for about four hours, ending on the evening of May 10 2008.

An eruption on the morning of May 13, 2008, immediately Etna summit crater to the east followed by a hurried down more than 200 earthquakes and land forms a significant change in peak area. eruption continued on an assessment which is slowly reduced to 417 days, until July 6, 2009, making the longest eruption of Etna defenses since 1991-1993 eruption which lasted for 473 days. previous eruption, in 2001, the period 2002-2003, and 2004-2005 has been continued for 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, respectively. precedence lava flow 6.5 km for a few days The first eruption, but after that not much changed at distances smaller than the hole in the final months of lava eruptions mara rarely more than a downslope km.

During in 2010, the crater of Etna summit site-scale activities, small explosives, which produces only a small quantity of ash and lava flows no. The events of the most significant is a single blast from the hole on the east side cone Southeast Crater on 7 April, a sequence of blast holes Bocca Nuova west which began on August 25 and continuing until December 22, and the release of ash from the Northeast Crater on November 14 to 15. The vent on the east cone Southeast Crater became active again in late December; and then intensified activity in early January 2011.

On January 13, 2011, a new episode of lava fountaining occurred from hole to kon east side of Southeast Crater, for about 1.5 hours. Italian authorities have been forced to temporarily close the airport for several hours while the ash clouds cleared. Council is visible on a clear night, the light of the moon and draw a crowded audience in eastern Sicily and as far as southern Calabria.  

etna 23rd october 2011 eruptions

The volcano has been sputtering with a lot of steam and ash and a few clumps of strombolian explosions in the south pit crater on the morning of May 8, 2011, resulting in strong detonations could be heard several kilometers away, such as Monti Sartorius ( east wing) and the city of Catania. After sunset, the views strombolian explosions occurred at an interval of 3-10 minutes, ejecting incandescent bombs up to several tens of meters above the crater rim. During the night, a bomb blast threw well past the rim of the crater, down to the base of the context that has grown up around the crater at the recent paroxysms. This activity continued on the morning of May 9, without any change in the frequency and size of the explosion and no changes seen in both the seismic activity. On May 11, this activity increases with fast and lava began to overflow some low-eastern rim of the crater.  Thus, approximately 0300h on the morning of May 12th (local time = GMT +2), four springs at Etna lava broke out in 2011 into the night sky. For several hours, there are more smart strombolian activity and small lava flows, volcanic earthquakes and the amplitude was increased. Fountain last for several hours and ended at 0600 h dawn-essentially over.  

Mount Etna erupted again in 2011 in July 9, 18 and 19, 24 and 25, 30 and 31,  at 5 and August 6, 12, 20 and 29, on September 8, 19 and 28, on October 8 and 23, and on 15 November, sending bursts of lava several hundred feet into the air, no damage or injuries were reported as people have moved before he came to them.

In 2012, the first eruption occurred on January 5, sending a massive explosion after a short build up during the night. The new phase is simple strombolian activity started in Crater New East on January 21 and continued in the first week of February. activity consisting of frequent, simple measure of the explosion, with incandescent ejections seen at night, and a small straw-looking dark gray by day, rising a few tens of meters. It culminated when the two year came suddenly at night between 8 and February 9 wells continued into the early morning. other Paroxysms occurred on March 4 and 18, on 1 April, 12 and 24.