History Pelee Volcano

Pelee Volcano

Mount Pelee an active volcano on the northern tip of the island and the French overseas department Martinique in the Lesser Antilles island arc Caribbean. Conical volcano composed of layers of volcanic ash and hardened lava.  The Stratovolcano famous eruption in 1902 and the resulting devastation, dubbed the worst volcanic disaster of the 20th century  The eruption killed about 30,000 people,  Most of they deaths. 

It is caused by pyroclastic flows have occurred in the town of Saint-Pierre, who, at that time, the largest city on the island. pyroclastic flows destroyed St. Pierre, a town of 30,000 people, within a few minutes from the eruption  eruption of only two survivors in the direct path of a volcano (with a third reported). 

Louis-Auguste Cyparis safe because it is in the cells, poor ventilation prisons such as:. Léon medium-Leandre, live in the suburbs, safe, with severe burns Havivra Ifrile Da, a young girl, reportedly escaped with injuries during the eruption by taking a small boat to a cave down the beach, and later found adrift two miles (3 km) from the island, did not realize. This event marked only the volcanic disaster in the history of France and overseas territories.

Geographical setting and description

Mount Pelee is the result of a typical subduction zone. Curve formed by subduction Lesser Antilles islands, curved chains of volcanic approximately 850 kilometers long, between Puerto Rico and Venezuela, where the Atlantic meets the Caribbean plate crust Oceanic's South American Plate. Arka other volcanoes in the island is known for volcanic activity, including Saint Vincent La Soufriere, Guadeloupe, Soufriere volcano, the Soufriere Hills Montserrat, and seafloor volcano Kick 'em-Jenny.

Geological history

Volcanologists have identified three distinct phases in the evolution of mountain Mount Pelee volcano: early, mid, and modern. In the initial phase of the so-called "Paleo Pelee" level, is the stratovolcano Mount Pelee usual. Paleo-Kon Pelee consists of several layers of lava flows and volcanic debris divided. Remnants of the Paleo-con Pelee is still visible on the northern view of this volcano.

A second stage, which is now known as the middle phase, starting in about 100,000 years ago, after a long period of calm. This rate is collected by the formation of lava domes Macouba Morne, then, Morne Macouba caldera. During the middle phase, there were several eruptions that produce pyroclastic flows such as those that destroy Saint-Pierre in the 1902 eruption. About 25,000 years ago, a large Southwest sector collapse occurred, forming a landslide. This event is similar to the eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980. 

The modern rate of evolution of Mount Pelee has made most of the time context, with a deposit of pumis and decisions and pyroclastic flows. More than 30 eruptions have been identified over 5,000 years ago volcanic activity berapi.3, 000 years ago, following a large eruption pumis, etang Sec caldera (French for Dry Pond) is then formed. 1902 eruption took place in the crater etang Sec. This eruption formed many pyroclastic flows and produce domes that meet the following kaldera. Eruption in 1929 formed a second dome in the caldera Sec etang, and produce pyroclastic flows of water that flows into the Blanche River valley. This last eruption is mainly responsible for the current condition of Mount Pelee.

1902 eruption

1902 eruptions

Before the tragic 1902 eruption, in the early summer of 1900, signs of increased activity present fumaroles Etang Sec (Causeway Dry) crater near the summit.  freatik relatively small (steam) eruptions that occurred in 1792 and 1851 is evidence that active and dangerous volcanoes. Indigenous population, the Carib people, know as the "mountain of fire" from the previous eruption at the time of his kuno.Gunung Pelee eruption began 

on 23 April 1902 In early April, excursionists recorded appearance emit sulfur vapors from fumaroles near the summit. This is not considered significant, as fumaroles have appeared and disappeared in the past.

in the 23th of April the mountain ash cause light rain in the south and west sides, with sharp ground shaking.

On April 25 mountain emitted a large cloud containing stone and ash from the top, where the Etang Sec caldera located. Released material is not causing substantial meaningful damage. 

On date of 26 April, the area was dotted by volcanic ash from the eruption of the next; public authorities still do not see a reason for wory.

On date of 27 April excursionists several peaks up to find the Etang Sec is filled with water, forming a lake 180 m (590 feet) across. There are 15 m (50 ft) high volcanic cone built on one side of the debris, feeding the lake with a stream of boiling water. Sound like a pan with boiling water came from underground. A strong smell of sulfur is the whole city, 6.4 km (4.0 miles) away from the volcano, causing discomfort for men and.P horses.

On 30 april  river Riviere des Peres Roxelane and swollen, with showers of stones and trees from the mountain top. Village of Sainte-Philomène Prêcheur and ash.

At stream 11.30pm on the date of May 2, the resulting explosion of hard volcanic, earthquake, and great columns of thick black smoke. Fine ash and pumice covered the entire north of the island. This boom extended at intervals of 5-6 hours. This results in a local newspaper Les Colonies to postpone indefinitely the proposed picnic in the mountains, originally planned for May 4. Animals died from hunger and thirst, as sources of water and food contaminated with ash.

On Saturday, May 3 north wind blows the ash cloud, reducing the situation in Saint-Pierre. The next day intensive ash fall, and communication between the district of Saint-Pierre and Prêcheur decided. Ash clouds so dense that fear offshore boats to navigate through it. Many people decide to move, steamship lines to fill capacity. The area was covered with a fine layer of ash, flour, such as white.

On Monday, May 5 mountain seemed to be quite calm, but, at around 13:00, the sea suddenly receded about 100 meters (330 feet) and then rushed back, flooded parts of the city, and a large cloud of smoke to the west of the mountains appeared. A Etang Sec crater wall collapse and push the mass of boiling water and mud or lava, the Blanche River, flood Guerin sugar works and planting about 150 victims under 60 meters (200 feet) to 90 meters (300 ft) of mud. Refugees from other areas rushed into Saint-Pierre. That night, the atmospheric disturbance off the power grid, the city sank into the darkness and add the following confusions.

The next day, at about 2 PM, heard loud noises from the depths mount.

1902 eruptions

On Wednesday, May 7 at about 4:00, the mountain improve its activities ; ash cloud caused many lightning bolts in the vicinity of volcanic peaks, and the second crater reddish orange glow at night. Throughout the day, those who leave the city, but more people from outside the city is trying to seek refuge in the city, increasing the population by several thousand. Newspapers are still claiming the city is safe. The news of the Soufriere volcano erupted near the island of Saint Vincent to convince people that the internal pressure of the mountains is good. Not all people feel calm, though; Captain Marina Leboffe, from Orsolina barque, left the port with only half of the sugar cargo is loaded, even if the sender protest, refused permission by the port authorities, and the threat of arrest, as well as many other people reject out of town.  However, Governor Louis Mouttet and his wife live in the city. At night, the tremor appears serene mountain.

Current Status

In 2010, the volcano is quiet moment on Saint-Pierre and Martinique. Before the eruption, in 1902 as the beginning of the summer of 1900, signs of improvement fumaroles activity present in the Etang Sec crater (Scarth, case. 30). Small relative freatik (steam) eruptions that occurred in 1792 and 1851 is evidence that the active volcano. Signs of unrest will almost certainly lead each activity of Mount Pelee eruption of the future, and past activities (including the massive removal of carbon discovered) is the most important factors to hazard assessment. Pelee is one of the most active volcanoes in the West Indies and the possibility to erupt again. Today, Mount Pelee is under continuous surveillance by the geophysics and volcanologists (IPGP). City of Saint-Pierre was never fully rebuilt, though some villages grow in its place. Estimated population of the Commune of Saint-Pierre in 2004 is 4544.

Erebus Volcano in Antarctica

Erebus Volcano

Mount Erebus is the second highest volcano in Antarctica (after Mount Sidley), and the mountain-top ultra-6 on an island.  With a summit elevation of 3794 meters (12 448 feet), located on Ross Island, which is also home to three active volcanoes, notably Mount Terror. Mount Erebus is the party of the Pacific Ring of Fire, that cover more than 160 active volcanoes. These volcanoes have been observed to continue to be active since 1972 and is the web page of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.


Discovery and Naming
Mount Erebus was found on the date of January 27, 1841 (and was observed in the eruption) with polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross who named it after his ship Mount Erebus, Erebus and Terror (which is also used by Sir John Franklin in his North Pole expedition disasters) . Erebus is the ancient Greek god of darkness, the son of Chaos.


Climbing


Mount Erebus has begun to climb (rim) by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton's party in 1908. First known solo winter ascent and the first advance has been achieved by British mountain Roger Mear in March 1985, members Robert Swan "In Traces of Scott" expedition. [6] On January 19 to 20, 1991, Charles J. Blackmer,, iron-workers for many years at McMurdo Station and South Pole, solo ascent control in approximately 17 hours through via snow mobile.

Robotic Exploration

In 1992 parts of a volcano and then explored by my Dante, an eight-legged robot bound settlers. Dante is designed to obtain samples of gas from magma in the crater lake in the Mount Erebus for a better understanding of chemistry through the use of gas chromatography on-board and measure the temperature inside the volcano and the radioactivity present in the volcanic material is. Dante successfully upgraded before they appear largely crater technical difficulties with fiber optic cable used for communication between the walker and the base station. Unfortunately, Dante I have not reached the crater base and thus the mission was canceled without any important data recorded volcano. However, the expedition proved very successful in the case of robot and computer science, and probably the first expedition to Antarctica by the robot platform.

Geology and Vulcanology


Mount Erebus is now the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the time of the eruption zone Erebus hotspot. The summit contains a continuous whirl phonolitic lava lake, one of five long-lasting lava lakes on Earth. Strombolian eruptions eruptive activity features of the lava lake or one of several subsidiaries hole, all lying in a crater in the volcano. of the volcano is scientifically remarkable in a relatively low-level and sustained extraordinary explosion of activity that allows long-term research volcanological system of strombolian eruptions are very close (hundreds of meters) in the active hole, features, together with only a few planetarily volcanos, such as Stromboli in Italy. But also facilitates the volcano closest to McMurdo Station (U.S.) and Scott Base (NZ), both built on Ross Island is approximately 35 kilometers away.

Gunung Erebus is classified as a polygenetic stratovolcano. Bottom half of the shield volcano and a half on stratocone (Mount Etna like it too). Composition of the product when the eruption of Erebus anorthoclase phonolite and phonolite tephritic porphyric, which is most of the exposed volcanic lava flows. The oldest eruption products consist of a rather different and non-sticky basanite lava that forms a low, broad platform shield Erebus. Basanite a little young and lava plants phonotephrite on Fang Ridge - the rest of the eroded an early Erebus volcano - and in other remote locations in the ribs Erebus.

lava flows of more viscous phonotephrite and trachyte are erupted after the basanite.
Upper slopes of Mount Erebus is controlled by a steep dip (~ 30 °) tephritic phonolite lava flow with large-scale flow tetambak. A fracture is easily seen in the slope at about 3200 meters to call attention to the summit plateau representing a caldera that was less than one hundred thousand. The summit caldera itself is filled with small amounts tephritic phonolite and phonolite lava flows that. In the middle of the summit caldera is a small, steep con composed mainly of lava bombs were destroyed and a large deposit of anorthoclase crystals known as Erebus crystals. He is in the context of this summit that the active lava lake continuously degasses.

Researches for more than three months during the 2007-08 season to install a variety of fields around Mount Erebus seismometers to listen to the waves of energy produced by small, controlled explosion of explosives, they were buried ribs together and perimeter. Seismometers measure and record the size and power of underground energy, or seismic waves. By studying seismic refraction and reflected waves, scientists are trying to map the volcanic countryside, as part of the CT scan image objects using X-rays, in-depth understanding of the "pipe" and how magma rising to the lava lake.

Air Disaster
Main article: Flight 901 Air New Zealand
Air New ZealandAir service 901 is a walk that is scheduled from Auckland Airport in New Zealand Antarctica and return with a scheduled stop at Christchurch Airport to fill the oil before returning to Auckland. Air New Zealand service bridge, around Antarctica for the purpose of aircraft operated by McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, and began in February 1977. The flight slammed into Mount Erebus in sector whiteout conditions on November 28, 1979, killing all 257 people aboard. Air New Zealand has suspended the service after the accident itu.Semasa Antarctic summer, melting snow on the side of Mount Erebus crash continues to carry debris from the surface of the snow, it is clearly seen from the air.

Etna Volcano Disasters

Etna Volcano

Mount Etna, is a active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, near Messina and Catania. It lies on a convergent plate boundary between Africa and Pancake Pancake Eurasia. This is the highest active volcano in Europe, currently standing 3,329 m (10,922 ft) high, although this was different from the summit eruption. This is the highest mountain in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of ​​1190 km2 (459 sq mi) with basal of around 140 km. This makes by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, to about two and a half times higher, while the largest of Mount Vesuvius. Mount Teide in Tenerife just beyond it all over the Europe-North Africa region.  In Greek mythology, Typhon deadly monster trapped under the mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky, and the forge of Hephaestus is said to lie below it. 

Mount Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and in a state of almost constant activity. Fertile volcanic soil supports extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards scattered on the slopes of the mountains and vast plains of Catania in the south. The history of recent activity in the surrounding population, Mount Etna has been designated as Decade Volcano by the United Nations.

Etymology

According to the Place-names' World Adrian Room, the name of Etna is said to come from Phoenicia attuna word meaning "relau." He rejected the theory that Etna was the source of the Greek word meaning "I burn."  In Classical Greece, he was called Αἴτνη (Aítnē),  and Aetna in Latin. It is also known as Mongibello Muncibeddu in Sicily and in Italian (from the Latin Mons and Arabic gibel, both meaning mountain ). the Arabic name Ǧabal name al-Nar ("Mountain of Fire").

Geological History

The first volcanic activity took place in Etna around half a million years ago, with eruptions that occurred under the sea off the coast of ancient Sicily.  Around 300,000 years ago, volcanism began to occur in the southwest peak (top center of the volcano) then, before moving to the center of activities present 170,000 years ago. This second eruption of the volcano he built the first large, forming a stratovolcano in alternating explosive eruption and efusif. Mountain growth is sometimes interrupted by a large eruption.

which caused the collapse of the summit to form about 35,000 up to 15,000 kaldera.Dari years ago, Etna experienced some highly explosive eruptions, generating large pyroclastic flow, which left large deposits Ignimbrit. Ash from this eruption has been found as far as Rome, 800 km (497 miles) in north. 

Thousand years ago, the east wing of the mountain experience catastrophic collapse, generating an enormous landslide in an event similar to that seen in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide left a large depression on the side of the volcano, known as 'Valle del Bové' (Valley of Ox). A study published in 2006 suggests this occurred around 8000 years ago, and cause huge tsunami, which left its mark in several places in the eastern Mediterranean. 

This may have been the reasons athletes solutions Yam (Israel), now under the sea, suddenly abandoned around that time.  steep valley walls have suffered subsequent collapse on numerous occasions. Open strata in the valley walls provide an important and easily accessible record of history Etna. The most recent eruption at the top of the latest collapse of Etna is thought to have occurred around 2000 years ago, forming what is known as the Piano Caldera. This caldera has been almost entirely filled by subsequent lava eruptions, but still appear as a different break in the slopes near the base of the cone peak current.

ERUPTIONS

Historical Eruptions

etna eruptions 2002

Etna eruption is not always the same. What happened at the summit, where there is currently (2008) six different crater-Northeast Crater, Voragine, Bocca Nuova, and Southeast Crater. Another eruption occurred in the ribs, where there is more than 300 holes, the size of small holes in the ground for a large crater hundreds of meters across. Summit eruptions can be very explosive and very impressive, but rarely threatened to inhabited areas around the volcano. In contrast, the eruption may occur in the ribs a few hundred feet altitude, close or better in populated areas. Many villages and small towns located around the ribs or the eruption of the last con. Since the year 1600 CE (AD), there are at least 60 eruptions eruption of the ribs and countless summits, nearly half of which have occurred since the beginning of the 20th century, and since 2000, there are four ribs eruption of Etna to now, in 2001 , 2002-2003, 2004-2005, 2008-2009. Summit eruption occurred in 2006, from 2007 to 2008 and again in January 2012.Rekod first known volcanic eruption at Etna Diodorus Siculus.

In 396 BC, an eruption of Etna is said to have defeated Carthaginians in their efforts to advance in Syracuse, Sicily War Kedua.Sebuah particularly violent explosion (Plinian) summit eruption occurred in 122 BC, and caused heavy tephra fall in the southeast, including the city of Catania, in where many roofs collapse [10] To help rebuild and deal with the crushing effects of the eruption. , The Roman Empire to free the people from Catania from paying taxes for ten tahun.Selama first 1500 years AD, the eruption of a lot of unreported (or note has been lost), 

the material is: 

1.  eruption around 1030 AD in the presence of near Monte Ilice lower southeast, which produces lava flows that travel about 10 km north of Acireale reach the ocean; village of Santa Tecla and Stazzo built in this vast delta built by lava flows into the sea, 
2.  eruption at about 1160 (or 1224), from gap at only 350-450 m (1.148 to 1.476 ft) high in the south-east side near the village Mascalucia, the lava flow will reach the sea north of Catania, in the territories now occupied by the city named Ognina.

etna south east crater eruptions 2006

Etna eruptions of the most damaging since 122 BC began on March 11, 1669, and produced lava flows that destroyed at least 10 villages on the southern side before reaching the wall of the city of Catania city five weeks later, on April 15. Lava largely removed by the walls to the sea in the south of the city, filling the port of Catania. Small part of the lava finally broke through fragile parts of the city walls on the west side of Catania and destroyed several buildings before stopping at the back of the Benedictine monastery, without reaching the city center. Contrary to wide reports to 15,000 (or even 20,000) of human casualties caused by the lava.

Contemporary reports written in Italian and English well mention there are no deaths related to the eruption in 1669 (but provide very accurate figures from a number of buildings destroyed, area of ​​agricultural land is lost, and economic damage), so we can safely assume that a large number of victims is often invited by the mass media also have to be confused with the south-eastern Sicily earthquake (including Catania) 24 years later, in 1693. A study on damage and casualties caused by the eruption of Etna in the time history reveals that only 77 deaths can be attributed with certainty to eruption of Etna, the last in 1987 when two tourists lost by a sudden explosion near the peak.

Recent Eruptions

One more huge lava flows from the eruption in 1928 led to the destruction of the first and only center of population since the 1669 eruption. The eruption started high in the northeast wing of Etna on November 2, then newly opened fissure eruption at the height of the ribs down the volcano ever lower. The third and most powerful is open through the cracks on 4 November at unusually low altitude, about 1200 m (3.937 feet) above sea level, in a zone called the cook della NACA. Mascali village, lying downslope della cook NACA, was removed within two days, with the lava destroying nearly every building. Only a few of the church and surrounding buildings survived in the north of this village, called Sant'Antonino or "il quartiere". When the last days of the eruption, the flow lines Messina-Catania disrupted and destroyed the railway station Mascali. This event has been used by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime for propaganda purposes, with transfer operations, relief and reconstruction are presented as models of fascist planning. Mascali been rebuilt on a new site, and the church containing Italian fascist torch symbol, placed on the statue of Jesus Christ. Early months of November 2008, commemorating the city's 80th birthday Mascali eruption and the destruction of the village with several public manifestations and conferences where other people are still living among the witnesses who remembered their responses of eruption.

Other major of the 20th-century eruptions  happening in 1949, 1971, 1981, 1983 and 1991-1993. In 1971, lava buried perceive Etna (built in the late 19th century), destroyed the first generation of Etna cable car, and seriously threatened several small villages in the east wing of Etna. In March 1981, the city of Randazzo on the northwestern wing of Etna narrowly escaped from destruction by incredible fast-moving lava flow - eruption was similar to one from 1928 that destroyed Mascali. 1991-1993 witnessed the eruption of Zafferana threatened by lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the city with the loss of only one building a few hundred yards from the margin of the city. Initially, the effort consists of the construction of earth barriers built perpendicularly to the flow direction and he hoped that it will stop before the eruption of the Basin created artificial barriers would otherwise be filled in completely. In contrast, continuous eruption and lava overcome obstacles, to continue in the direction of Zafferana. He then decided to use explosives near the source of lava flows, lava tubes to disrupt the system is very efficient where the lava is traversed up to 7 km (4 miles) without essentially losing heat and fluidity. The main explosion on May 23, 1992 destroyed the lava tubes and lava forced into new channels made, far from Zafferana, and he would have taken months to make back a long lava tube. After the explosions, lava emission levels down and when the rest of the eruption (until March 30, 1993) lava never advanced close to the city again.  

After six years (1995-2001) a great activity in the four fierce Etna summit craters, volcanic eruptions produced the first rib from 1991-1993 in July-August 2001. This eruption, which involves the activity of seven different fissure eruption mostly on the southern slopes of the volcano, the eruption of mass media, because it occurred at the height of tourist season and many journalists and reporters have been in Italy for the G8 summit in Genoa included. He also happens almost every tourist area on the volcano, and therefore it is easily accessible. Part of the "Etna Sud" tourist areas, including the Etna cable car arrival station, has been destroyed by this eruption, which in turn is an event that is rather simple to measure default Etna.

etna september 2007 eruptions

in 2002-2003, larger eruptions throw huge columns of ash that can easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, 600 km (370 miles) south across the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the volcano east side slip to two meters, and many houses were damaged in the ribs of volcanic structures. This eruption destroyed tourist station Piano Provenzana, in the east wing of the volcano, and some travelers from the station Etna Sud "Rifugio Sapienza ribs around the south. Futej of the eruption recorded by Lucasfilm and integrated into the landscape in the year 2005 the planet Mustafar from Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith  Rifugio Sapienza on the cable car station site prior to the eruption disappeared in 1983, he has now been rebuilt. Following the lava flows out rather quietly, slowly and does not damage the ribs on the south between September 2004 and March 2005 , a fierce eruption occurred in Southeast Crater in July-December 2006. This is followed by four episodes of lava fountaining, again at the Southeast Crater, on March 29, 11 April, 29 April, and May 7, 2007. Ash release and strombolian explosions started from perforated east of the Southeast Crater in mid-August 2007.

On 4 September 2007 episode of lava fountaining amazing happens from the new hole in the east of Southeast Crater, also produces a cloud of ash and Scoriae falling over the east wing of the volcano. A lava flow about the trip about 4.5 km (2.8 bt) to the Valle del Bove which are uninhabited. eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 am local time. Catania-Fontanarossa Airport shut down operations at night for security measures. One sudden attack similar happened during the night 23 to 24 November 2007, which lasted for six hours and caused ash and lapilli falls to the north of the volcano. Once again, the source activity is perforated in the east wing of Southeast Crater. After several months of activity rather fraction of the Southeast Crater and Flood seismic activity especially in the eastern mountains, a sudden attack of new powerful eruption occurred on the afternoon of May 10, 2008. Due to bad weather, it is unlikely to see much activity in the hole, but a few branches wander lava mountains east wing volcano, in the Valle del Bove depression, reaching as much as 6.2 km (3.9 miles). latest attack suddenly this last for about four hours, ending on the evening of May 10 2008.

An eruption on the morning of May 13, 2008, immediately Etna summit crater to the east followed by a hurried down more than 200 earthquakes and land forms a significant change in peak area. eruption continued on an assessment which is slowly reduced to 417 days, until July 6, 2009, making the longest eruption of Etna defenses since 1991-1993 eruption which lasted for 473 days. previous eruption, in 2001, the period 2002-2003, and 2004-2005 has been continued for 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, respectively. precedence lava flow 6.5 km for a few days The first eruption, but after that not much changed at distances smaller than the hole in the final months of lava eruptions mara rarely more than a downslope km.

During in 2010, the crater of Etna summit site-scale activities, small explosives, which produces only a small quantity of ash and lava flows no. The events of the most significant is a single blast from the hole on the east side cone Southeast Crater on 7 April, a sequence of blast holes Bocca Nuova west which began on August 25 and continuing until December 22, and the release of ash from the Northeast Crater on November 14 to 15. The vent on the east cone Southeast Crater became active again in late December; and then intensified activity in early January 2011.

On January 13, 2011, a new episode of lava fountaining occurred from hole to kon east side of Southeast Crater, for about 1.5 hours. Italian authorities have been forced to temporarily close the airport for several hours while the ash clouds cleared. Council is visible on a clear night, the light of the moon and draw a crowded audience in eastern Sicily and as far as southern Calabria.  

etna 23rd october 2011 eruptions

The volcano has been sputtering with a lot of steam and ash and a few clumps of strombolian explosions in the south pit crater on the morning of May 8, 2011, resulting in strong detonations could be heard several kilometers away, such as Monti Sartorius ( east wing) and the city of Catania. After sunset, the views strombolian explosions occurred at an interval of 3-10 minutes, ejecting incandescent bombs up to several tens of meters above the crater rim. During the night, a bomb blast threw well past the rim of the crater, down to the base of the context that has grown up around the crater at the recent paroxysms. This activity continued on the morning of May 9, without any change in the frequency and size of the explosion and no changes seen in both the seismic activity. On May 11, this activity increases with fast and lava began to overflow some low-eastern rim of the crater.  Thus, approximately 0300h on the morning of May 12th (local time = GMT +2), four springs at Etna lava broke out in 2011 into the night sky. For several hours, there are more smart strombolian activity and small lava flows, volcanic earthquakes and the amplitude was increased. Fountain last for several hours and ended at 0600 h dawn-essentially over.  

Mount Etna erupted again in 2011 in July 9, 18 and 19, 24 and 25, 30 and 31,  at 5 and August 6, 12, 20 and 29, on September 8, 19 and 28, on October 8 and 23, and on 15 November, sending bursts of lava several hundred feet into the air, no damage or injuries were reported as people have moved before he came to them.

In 2012, the first eruption occurred on January 5, sending a massive explosion after a short build up during the night. The new phase is simple strombolian activity started in Crater New East on January 21 and continued in the first week of February. activity consisting of frequent, simple measure of the explosion, with incandescent ejections seen at night, and a small straw-looking dark gray by day, rising a few tens of meters. It culminated when the two year came suddenly at night between 8 and February 9 wells continued into the early morning. other Paroxysms occurred on March 4 and 18, on 1 April, 12 and 24.

Fuji Volcano in Japan

Mount Fuji 

Mount Fuji when sunrise at Lake Kawaguchi
height 3.776 m (12,388 ft)
Stand 3.776 m (12,388 ft)
position of the 35th highest peak in Japan List
List of mountains in Japan Ultra 100 Famous Japanese mountains

Mount Fuji
chubu region, Honshu, Japan
coordinates 35 ° 21'28 .8 "N 138 ° 43'51 .6 "E
coordinates: 35 ° 21'28 .8" N 138 ° 43'51 .6 "E
Topo map geospatial information 25000:1  Authority  50000:1
geological type stratovolcano
the last eruption of 1707-08  First ascent climbing 663 by a monk with no name Hiking easiest way Mount Fuji (Fuji-san , IPA:  is the highest mountain in Japan on Honshu Island, located in 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft)  An active stratovolcano  ago. erupted in 1707-08,
Mount Fuji is located about 100 kilometers (62 miles) southwest of Tokyo, and can be seen from there on the day bright. cone of Mount Fuji is very symmetrical snow-capped several months a year, is a famous symbol of Japan and is often depicted in art and photographs, and visited by tourists and climbers. This is one of Japan's "Three Holy Mountains" Along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku.

Etymology
The current Kanji for Mount Fuji, 富 and 士, meaning "wealth" or "abundant" and "a man with a certain status" respectively. However, this character ateji, which means that the character was chosen because pengucapannya according to the syllable of the name but do not carry meaning in relation to the mountain. The origin of the name Fuji is unclear. A text of the 10th century Tale of the Bamboo Cutter says that the name comes from the "eternal" (不死 Fushi, Fuji?) And also from the abundant imagery (富 fu?) Military (士 shi, ji?) Climbing the slopes. An initial public etymology claims that Fuji came from 不二 (not two), meaning without equal or nonpareil. Others claimed that it originated from 不尽 (not to throw away), meaning neverending.

A Japanese classical scholar in Edo, Hirata Atsutane speculation that the name from the word meaning "beautiful mountain, which stands as the ear (ho) of rice crops." Bob Chiggleson a British missionary (1854-1944) felt that the name of the Ainu word for "fire" (Fuchi) of the fire deity (Kamui Fuchi), which was opposed by members of the Japanese language Kyosuke Kindaichi (1882-1971) on the basis of phonetic development (voice changes). It also shows that Huchi means "old woman" and apes are said to "fire", monkeys Huchi kamuy becomes a god of fire. A study on the distribution of place names that include Fuji as part also shows the origin of said non-Yamato Fuji Ainu language. A Japanese Kanji Kagami toponymist opinion that the name has the same root as "wisteria" (Fuji) and "rainbow" (niji, but with an alternative word Fuji), and came from the "good long-shaped slope" .

Variations

In English, the mountain known as Mount Fuji. Some sources refer to as "Fuji-san", "Fujiyama" or, redundantly, "Mount Fujiyama". "Fujiyama" read one of the Japanese characters used to spell the name of the mountain. Japanese speakers refer to the mountain as "Fuji-san". This "san" suffix honorifik not used with the names of the people, such as the Watanabe-san, but reading the character 山 on'yomi YAMA (meaning mountain) is used in sebatian.

In Nihon-Shiki-Shiki and perumian Kunrei, name transliterated as Huzi. Another name for Mt Fuji Japan, which has become obsolete or poetry, including the Fuji-no-YAMA (ふじ の 山, in Mount Fuji), Fuji-no-Takane (ふじ の 高嶺, in High Peak Fuji), Fuyo-ho (芙蓉峰, Lotus Peak), and Fugaku (富 岳 or 富 岳, the first character 富士, Fuji, and 岳, mountains).

Geography

Mount Fuji is typical of Japanese geography. It stands 3,776.24 m (12,389 ft) high and located near the Pacific coast in central Honshu, west of Tokyo. This cross boundary Shizuoka and Yamanashi. Three small towns around it: Gotemba in the south, Fujiyoshida in the north, and Fujinomiya to the southwest. It is also surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Shoji and Lake Motosu. They, and nearby Lake Ashi, provide excellent views of the mountain .. This mountain is part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. This can be seen further away from the Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, and Lake Hamana when the sky was clear.

Cook an Active Volcano

Aoraki / Mount Cook

Altitude of 3754 m (12,316 ft) 

The prominent 3754 m (12,316 ft)

Classification-37 

List of point location Ultra High Field 

Aoraki / Mount Cook South Island, southern New Zealand, 

the range of the coordinates 43 ° 35'44 Alps .69 "S 170 ° 8'27 .75" E 

coordinates: 43 ° 35'44 .69 "S 170 ° 8'27 .75" E

First ascent ascent 1894 by Tom Fyfe, George Graham, Jack Clarke 

easiest route glacier / snow / ice climbing Aoraki / Mount Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand, reaching 3754 meters (12,316 feet). 

Located in the southern Alps, the mountains that extends the length of the South Island. A popular tourist destination, is also a challenge for mountain climbers favorite. 

Aoraki / Mount Cook is composed of three peaks are located a little south and east of the main lagoon, Low Peak, Middle Peak and High Peak, with the Tasman Glacier to the east and the Hooker Glacier to the west.

Location

The mountain is on the National Aoraki / Mount Cook Park, which was founded in 1953 and, together with the Westland National Park, Mount Aspiring National Park and Fiordland National Park as a UNESCO world heritage sites. This park contains more than 140 peaks standing over 2,000 meters (6600 feet) and 72 named glaciers, which cover 40 percent of the park of 700 square kilometers (170,000 hectares). Liquidation of Mt Cook Village is a tourist center and base camp for the mountain. It is 7 km from the end of the Tasman Glacier and 12 km south from the summit of Aoraki / Mount Cook. 

Climate

Aoraki / Mount Cook has received a large orographic rain all year round, wind, moisture laden westerly winds dominate throughout the year bringing rain clouds from the Tasman Sea with them. Annual rainfall of 4293 mm an unimaginable (169.0 in), about 36% less of total annual precipitation averages of Milford Sound, with regard to the wettest place in New Zealand.

Geology

Southern Alps of South Island are formed by tectonic and spirit of the pressure in the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates collide along the west coast. The spirit continued, increasing the Aoraki / Mount Cook an average of 7 mm (0.28 in) per year. However, erosive forces are also a powerful shaper of the mountains. Bad weather is caused by a mountain jutting into powerful westerly winds of the Roaring Forties which run around the latitude of about 45 ° S, southern Africa and Australia. Southern Alps is the first hurdle of natural wind after South Africa and Australia, after moving to the east through the Southern Ocean. 

Height of Aoraki / Mount Cook was founded in 1881 by GJ Roberts (west side) and in 1889 by TN Brodrick (Canterbury side). Their measurements agree closely 12 349 feet (3764 m). Reduced height of 10 meters (33 feet), when about 12-14 million cubic meters of rock and ice falls into the north end of December 14, 1991.  Mount Cook Alpine is located in a typical error, error of 650 km long active in the Southern Alps. Is responsible for the lifting of Mount Cook and considered moving every 100-300 years. This last move 1717.

1883 Eruptions Of Krakatau Volcano

The eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 began in May 1883 and culminated with the destruction of Krakatoa August 27, 1883. Small earthquake activity continued to be reported until February 1884, although the reports after October 1883 were subsequently rejected by the search Rogier Verbeek. This event is considered the largest explosion in recorded human history.

Early phase

In the years before the 1883 eruption, seismic activity around the volcano has been intense, with some earthquakes felt as far away as Australia. From May 20, 1883, four months before the final explosion, steam venting began to occur regularly Perbuatan, the northernmost island of the three cones. Eruptions of ash reached an altitude of 6 km (20,000 ft) and explosions were heard in New Batavia (Jakarta) 160 km (99 miles) away. Activities deaths since late May, with no record of the activity until mid-June.

The eruptions began about June 16, when they heard loud explosions and a thick black cloud covers the islands for five days. On June 24, an east wind blew the cloud away and two columns of ash were seen coming out of Krakatoa. The new location of the eruption is believed to have been a new air intake or openings formed between Perbuatan and Danan, near the location of the volcanic cone of Anak Krakatau. The violence of the eruption caused tides in the area to be unusually high, and the ships had to be moored with chains as a result. The earthquakes were felt in Anyer (Java), and large masses of pumice were reported by ships in the Indian Ocean to the west. 

On August 11, H.J.G. Ferzenaar studied the islands. Identified three main columns of ash (the latest of Danan), which obscured the western part of the island (the wind blows from the east at this time of year), and columns of steam vent, at least eleven other on Danan and Rakata everything between. When he landed, he found a layer of ash about 0.5 m (1 foot 8 inches) thick, all vegetation had been destroyed, with the trunks of trees are left alone. It is advisable to additional landings. The next day, a ship passing in the north has been a new outbreak, "a few meters above sea level" (this could be the place indicated on the map north of Ferzenaar). The work continued until mid-August.

Climatic Phase

By August 25 eruptions intensified further. At about 13:00 (local time) on August 26, the volcano entered its 14:00 paroxysmal phase and the observers could see a black cloud of ash 27 km (17 miles) high. At this point, the eruption was virtually continuous and explosions could be heard every ten minutes or so. Ships within 20 km (12 miles) from the volcano reported heavy ash fall, with pieces of hot pumice up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter landing on their platforms. A small tsunami hit the coasts of Java and Sumatra, about 40 kilometers (25 miles) 18:00 to 19:00 Hours.

On August 27 hours.The four huge explosions took place at 05:30, 06: 44 10:02, and 10:41 local time. The explosions were so violent that they were heard 3,500 km (2,200 miles) in Perth, Western Australia and the Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues near Mauritius, 4,800 km (3,000 miles), where it was thought gunfire from a nearby ship . Each was accompanied by large tsunamis, which are believed to have been over 30 meters (100 feet) high in places. A large area of ​​the Sunda Strait and a number of places on the coast of Sumatra were hit by pyroclastic flows of the volcano. The energy released by the explosion was equivalent to about 200 million tons of TNT, about four times more powerful than the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated by man.

The pressure wave generated by colossal final explosion of the radiated Krakatoa in 1086 kmh (675 mph). It was so powerful that it broke the eardrums of the sailors on ships in the Strait of Sunda, and caused an increase of more than two and a half inches of mercury (about 85 hPa) in the pressure gauges connected to the meters of gas into the gasification Jakarta, sending the ladder. The pressure wave radiated throughout the world and was recorded in barographs around the world who have continued to record up to 5 days after the explosion. Barograph recordings show that the shockwave of the explosion final reverberated throughout the world 7 times in total. Ash has been pushed up to a height of 80 km (50 miles). The eruptions diminished rapidly after that time, and the morning of August 28 Krakatoa was quiet. Small eruptions, mostly clay, continued until October 1883.

"The Burning Ashes of Ketimbang" 

At noon on August 27, a rain of hot ash fell around Ketimbang (now the province of Lampung Katibung) in Sumatra. About a thousand people were killed, the only large number of victims killed by Krakatoa itself, not the waves or after-writers effects.Verbeek and then I think this event was a hit single side or pyroclastic surges (similar to the eruption of catastrophic 1980 Mount St. Helens), crossing the water. the region of the ashfall ended northwest of Ketimbang, where most Sebesi Island offered protection from any horizontal surges.

Effects

The combined effects of pyroclastic flows, volcanic ashes and tsunamis had disastrous results in the region. There were no survivors from 3,000 people who are on the island of Sebesi, about 13 km (8.1 miles) from Krakatoa. Pyroclastic flows killed around 1,000 people in Ketimbang the coast of Sumatra about 40 km (25 miles) north of Krakatoa. The official death toll recorded by the Dutch authorities was 36,417, although some sources put the estimate of 120,000 or more. Many settlements were destroyed, including Teluk Betung Ketimbang and Sumatra, and Java Sirik and Serang. The areas of Java Banten and Lampung in Sumatra were devastated. There are numerous documented reports of groups of human skeletons floating across the Indian Ocean on rafts of volcanic pumice and washing on the east coast of Africa, one year after the eruption. Some land on Java was never repopulated, but reversed the jungle and is now the National Park of Ujung Kulon.

Tsunami and the effects

far away as South Africa rocked as tsunamis Ships hit them, and the victims' bodies were found floating at sea for weeks after the event. The tsunami that followed the eruption is believed to have been caused by gigantic pyroclastic flows entering the sea, each of the four great explosions was accompanied by a massive pyroclastic flow resulting from the gravitational collapse of eruption column. This caused several cubic kilometers of material into the sea, moving a volume of seawater equally huge. The town of Merak was destroyed by a tsunami 46 meters (151 feet) tall. Some of the pyroclastic flows reached the coast of Sumatra to 40 km (25 miles), having apparently moved through the water in a "cushion" of superheated steam. There are also indications of submarine pyroclastic flows reaching 15 km (9.3 miles) from the volcano. 

A recent documentary showed tests made ​​by a research group at the University of Kiel, Germany, pyroclastic flows moving over water. The tests showed that the hot ash on the water traveled through a cloud of superheated steam continues to be a pyroclastic flow after passing through the water, heavy matter precipitated out of the flow after the first contact with water, creating a tsunami due to the mass falls. Smaller waves were recorded in the indicators of tides as far as the English Channel. These occurred too early to have the remains of the initial tsunami, and may have been caused by concussive air waves from the eruption. These air waves around the world several times and are still detectable using barographs five days depois.

Geographic effects

In the aftermath oh the eruption, it was found that the island of Krakatoa had almost entirely disappeared, except for the southern half of Rakata cone cut along a vertical wall, leaving behind a boiler of 250 meters (820 feet) deep. In the northern two thirds of the island, only a small rocky island called Bootsmansrots ('Bosun's Rock', a fragment of Danan) was left; Poolsche Hoed had disappeared.

As a result oh the huge of amount materials deposited by the volcano, the 'end of' surrounding ocean was drastically altered. It is estimated that up to 18-21 km3 (cubic meters from 4.3 to 5.0 miles) from the ignimbrite was deposited over an area of ​​1,100,000 km2 (420,000 square miles), largely filling the 30-40 m (98 - 130 meters) deep around the mountain basin. Masses of Verlaten and Lang were increased, as the western part of the remains of Rakata. Much of this material increases rapidly eroded, but the volcanic ash is still an important part of the geological composition of these island. Two nearby sandbanks (called Steers and Calmeyer after two naval officers that the survey) were built on islands ash fall, but the sea has swept it away later. The warm seawater in volcanic deposits on Steers and Calmeyer caused steam which some people mistook for continued eruptions.

Global climate

In the year after the eruption, average global temperatures dropped to 1.2 ° C (2, 2 ° F). Climate models has continued to be chaotic for years, and temperatures return to normal until 1888. The eruption injected an unusually large amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas high into the stratosphere, which was subsequently transferred to high-level winds all over the world. This resulted in an overall increase of sulfurous acid (H2SO3) the concentration of high-level cirrus clouds. The resulting increase in cloud reflectivity (or albedo) reflect more light from the sun than usual, and cool the entire planet until the suspended sulfur fell to earth as rain effects acid precipitation.

Global optical effects

The eruption darkened the sky around the world for years, and produced spectacular sunsets throughout the world for many months. British artist William Ashcroft made thousands of drawings in color of the red sunsets half-way around the world from Krakatoa in the years after 2004 erupción.En, an astronomer has proposed the idea that the blood red sky shown in Edvard Munch's famous painting The 'Scream 1893 is also an accurate description of the sky over Norway after the eruption. This explanation has been questioned by scholars of art to keep in mind that Munch was a painter of expression, rather than the meteorological observatories descriptivo.Los time and assigned to monitor the effects on the sky. He described the phenomenon of the "equatorial smoke stream." This was the first identification of what is known as today as the jet stream. This eruptions was also a bishop in a ring around the sun during the day, and volcanic light purple in the twilight.

2010 Eruption Of Merapi Volcano

The 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi began in late October 2010 

when Mount Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia has begun a series of increasingly violent eruptions that have continued in November. Seismic activity around the volcano has increased since mid-September onwards, culminating in repeated explosions of lava and ash. Great eruption column format, causing numerous pyroclastic flows down the slopes of the volcano densely populated. Eruption of Mount Merapi has been informed by the authorities of being the highest since 1870.

More than 350,000 people were evacuated from the affected area. However, many stayed or returned to their homes, while the eruption continues. 353 people were killed during the eruptions, because many of pyroclastic flows. The plumes of ash from the volcano has also caused major disruption to air travel in Java.

The mountain continued to erupt on November 30, 2010. On December 3, 2010, the official alert level has been reduced to 3, level 4, since eruptive activity had ceased.

Volcanic eruptions

Recent history

In late October 2010 the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Pusat Vulkanologi Mitigasi Bencana and geologists, geologists Badan-PVMBG) reported that a pattern of increased seismicity Merapi began to emerge early September. Observers Babadan to 7 km (4.3 miles) west Kaliurang and 8 km (5.0 miles) south of the mountain said they heard a rush of September 12, 2010. The September 13, 2010 white feathers showed increase up to 800 meters (2,600 feet) above the crater. Lava dome of inflation, said in March, increased from background levels of 0.1 mm (0.0039 inch) 0.3 mm (0.012 in) per day for a rate of 11 mm (0.43 in) per day, Sept. 16. The September 19, 2010 continued to be numerous earthquakes, and the next day CVGHM raised the alert level 2 (on a scale of 1-4). [8] Mount Merapi lava began to flow down the river Gendol October 23 to 24 signaling the likelihood of an imminent eruption.

On October 25, 2010, the government of Indonesia has raised the alarm on Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned people living in areas threatened to move to safer ground. People living within a 10 km (6.2 miles) from the area told to evacuate. Evacuation orders affecting at least 19,000 people, but the number remains unclear with respect to time to the authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes were recorded in the mountains during the weekend of October 23-24, and that the magma had risen to about 1 km (3300 feet) below the surface due to the activity seismic.

Chronology of eruptions

Monday, October 25

Merapi erupted three times late on Monday, spewing lava, its southern and southeastern slopes. Three major eruptions have been recorded at 14:04, 14:24 and 15:15 local. On this day, 222 volcanic and seismic events of avalanche earthquake of 454 events were recorded by the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation team monitoring Merapi.

Tuesday, October 26

The eruptions began on Tuesday at 17:02. At 18:54 the pyroclastic activity had begun to decrease after 12 eruptions of events are recorded by the monitor CVGHM. 232 volcanic seismic events, 269 earthquakes avalanches, earthquakes, four lava flows and clouds of heat in June were recorded within 24 hours on 26 October. The eruptions have been classified as explosive events of volcanic material ejected by the explosions, flames visible and pyroclastic flows of hot air. A column of smoke rose from the top to a vertical distance of 1.5 km (4,900 m) from the summit of Mount Merapi. The first casualties occurred on this day.

Friday, October 29

On Friday, the eruptive activity includes the expulsion of lava, with clouds of hot ash that flows to be reported within 3 km (1.9 miles) along the slopes of the mountain and the duration of four to nine minutes. Ash fall reached on the city of Magelang in Central Java. Scientists monitoring the volcano from Surono, head of the Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation Center (PVMBG), has expressed optimism that the volcanic activity should decrease after the release of lava. Safari Dwiyono, a scientist monitoring Mount Merapi for 15 years, said that volcanic activity appeared to decrease the pressure behind a lava dome that had formed in the crater. The International Red Cross reported that the October 29, 7:23 to 21:40, from Merapi pyroclastic flow hit Lamat, Senowo River, the river and Krasak

Saturday, October 30

On the morning of Saturday 30 October, the volcano is erupting again. Sri Sumarti, head of the Merapi Volcano Research and Technology of the institution (BPPTK), said the eruptions were stronger and stronger than those of 26 October. Ash from the eruption on 30 October fell more than 30 kilometers (19 miles) away and now includes ash falls in the city of Yogyakarta. The soldiers and police sent closer to the volcano were seen fleeing along with hundreds of residents who quickly clogged roads with cars and motorcycles. The black soot fell over a large area. The eruptions lasted 22 minutes in the morning, while clouds of heat flowing into rivers and Boyong Krasak and rose 3.5 km (11,000 feet) in the air, drifting westward Magelang. Adisucipto Yogyakarta airport was temporarily closed 5:00 to 7:00. Later that day, Subandrio, head of the BPPTK suggested it would be more eruptions of magma continued their way to the volcano's lava dome. A river flowed from Merapi pyroclastic new October 30, 2010 at 00:35. A pyroclastic flow is directed toward Gendol, Kuning River, Rio Krasak, and Boyong river. This was followed by an explosion resulting in a mile Merapi two balls that rises vertically from the top of the mountain on fire. This eruption caused the rain to fall on a sandy area within a radius of 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) from the volcano. The activities of the government and NGOs in Indonesia Red Cross and Red Crescent (SMEs) in the meantime had deployed 398 volunteers from branches in the provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta. These volunteers assisted in the dissemination of information to the community to warn of level IV Merapi volcanic activity. SMEs also provide meals for 1,000 people displaced Dompol. One SME volunteers tutur Priyanto had died on October 26 tracks.

Monday, November 1

The Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation observation posts on Mount Merapi began observing and ended at 00:00 at 06:00 and reported no significant visible activity. Merapi spit hot clouds in the afternoon. Sulfatara smoke was visible from several places and avalanches observed.Mount Merapi erupted at 10:10 local time on Monday morning, spewing hot clouds and masses of dark cloud to the east, interrupted by loud explosions. Lt. Col. Soekoso Wahyudi, head of the military district command Boyolali was reported by Antara news, saying the explosions in this case were stronger than the afternoon of Sunday 31 October. The hot clouds descend from the slopes of the mountains and moved eastward. The local military commanders and police officers deployed on the roads in areas around the mountain to regulate the traffic had become clogged with vehicles and people rush to leave the danger zone. Reports Klaten, Sleman and Boyolali districts suggested volcanic explosions were so strong that caused panic and struggle for shelter. Heat and hot ash clouds Merapi continued to operate throughout the day. A dense cloud of ash from the eruption has been reported an increase of 1.5 km (4,900 m) in the air. The Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption on November 1, produced an ash cloud that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) above sea level, according to land-based relationship analysis of satellite images, and Web camera view. The WHO has reported that Mount Merapi spit out clouds of hot gas and ash again in the morning Monday, November 1, 2010 at approximately 10:05 local time. The clouds of hot ash and gas rose to 1.5 km (4,900 m) in the atmosphere before returning to cascade to 4 km (2.5 miles) around the slopes of Merapi. A steady stream of clouds of smoke were sent into the air for 40 minutes, south to a river near Sleman regency, and brought about 2 million cubic meters of rock and earth from the summit. From the previous eruption, Crisis Center of the Ministry of Health reported 42 people died and 103 people were admitted to various health centers, with respiratory problems and burns. 70,143 people were reported to have been displaced. Health problems among the displaced population including acute respiratory infection, eye irritation, headache and hypertension. Ground transportation over 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) from the restricted area was not interrupted. Air transport was affected for flights from and to Yogyakarta and Solo.

Tuesday, November 2

On November 2, several airlines, including Garuda, AirAsia and SilkAir international flights to Yogyakarta and Solo were either suspended or diverted because of eruptive activity. CVGHM reported 26 pyroclastic flows on 2 November.

Wednesday, November 3

On 3 November heat clouds traveled 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) from the eruption, forcing the government to evacuate people from within the previously established refugee camps to accommodate those already displaced by the volcano. At noon on November 3 CVGHM report said that 38 pyroclastic flows occurred during the first 12 hours. An observer at Kaliurang seen 19 of these 38 flows along 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) south. The pyroclastic flows plumes rose to 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles), through a thick fog made visual observations difficult. The ash was observed in some adjacent areas.

Eruptions in the afternoon, followed by an eruption in the morning that sent clouds of hot gas along the slopes of the volcano. The volcano spewed clouds of ash and gas 5 km (16,000 feet) in the sky for over an hour. Wednesday's eruptions have been reported to be the largest since the eruption began. Surono announced it was moving away from the top of the shelters. Speaking to the Metro TV Indonesia, said: "This is the first time that the eruption has continued for over an hour, so we decided to move the shelter to 15 km (9.3 miles) away from the summit." The shelters were created prior to 10 kilometers (6.2 miles). Surono added that the energy from the eruption of November 3 is three times that of the eruption for the first time last week. Bambang Ervan, a transport ministry spokesman, said an official warning was issued to all airlines to "use alternative routes for safety reasons due to volcanic ash."

Thursday, November 4

Heavy rains on the night of November 3 to 4 caused lahars with mixtures of water and rock debris along the cascade Kuning, Gendol, Woro, Boyong, OPAK Krasak and rivers on the slopes of the volcano. A bridge was destroyed and damaged levees. The eruption at 5:55 was reported as five times stronger than the initial outbreak of October 26, 2010. On November 4, Merapi had erupted for 24 hours straight. Heat clouds from 600 to 800 ° C (1112 to 1472 ° F) spread over 11.5 km (7.1 miles) from the crater to reach the edge of the 15-kilometer (9.3 mile) exclusion zone and lava rivers flowing into the mountain. Herry Bakti Gumay, Director General of Air Transportation, said Nov. 4 that the notice issued to all airlines in Yogyakarta would not rise until conditions return to normal.

Friday, November 5

Merapi erupted with force early Friday. Volcanic ash has been reduced to Cangkringan district and 10 km (6.2 miles) from the crater. Due to continuous eruptions of large, extended security zone BNPB within 20 kilometers (12 miles) and the Yogyakarta airport was closed again for 3 hours in the morning. Residents who were within 15 km (9.3 miles) from the summit was asked to leave and seek a safer place. Eruptions, volcanologists reported Friday, November 5 to be the largest since 1870 and officials from the speaker announced that the danger zone of the mountain had been extended to 20 km (12 miles) from the crater. Bronggang, a village 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) crater was seen ash-covered streets up to 30 cm (12 inches) deep. At this time, more than 100,000 people were evacuated and the scientists who follow the events, withdrew from their positions at a safe distance. [35] The Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Center for Volcanic Ash Advisory (VAAC) issued a code red on Volcanic Ash Advisory and Aviation reported MTSAT-2 satellite image derived from the information indicating a volcanic ash cloud (55,000 feet (17,000 m) - FL550), which extends 190 nautical miles (352 kilometers (219 miles)) in the west and south-west of the mountain.

Saturday, November 6

The Centre for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation reported observation outposts intensive ash fall on the slopes of Mount Merapi. At 23:51 a burst of smoke, the winds of hot air and flames as high as 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) occurred in the west, north and east. The volcanic activity of the day was very high, with clouds of hot ash sequential mountain erupted. The alert level remained at level 4 of the exclusion zone and the officer had a radius of 20 km (12 miles) from the summit of Mount Merapi.

Sunday, November 7

On Saturday, the Indonesian president on November 7, "Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, has opened a limited cabinet meeting at the Presidential Palace, the great house of Yogyakarta to meet the emergency response to the eruption of Mount Merapi. During the meeting, reaffirmed its support for the Badan Nasional Koordinasi Penanganan Bencana-(Indonesia Disaster Management Office) and its administration and control of disaster response. at 03:02 clouds of hot ash and rivers flowing in the direction of Gendol Woro. Earthquake and volcanic hot ash cloud events were reported to have risen the day before. The JakartaGlobe reported that Merapi continued to spit deadly pyroclastic flows and clouds of ash and superheated gases. At least 135 people have died in their slopes during the previous two weeks, and authorities were still struggling on Sunday to help the wounded from the massive eruption on Friday. Police parked on the tracks complained they were having great difficulty to prevent people from entering the area exclusion and risking their lives on the slopes of the mountains.

Monday, November 8

Air Transport Department Director General Herry Bakti November 8 announced that flights in and out of Sukarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta returned to normal. Government vulcanologist Surono said gas and ash rose to 4 km (13,000 feet) in the air on Monday as the volcano continues to erupt, "Merapi eruption has not stopped since 3 November. State E 'flow but tends to be in the range of high intensity. "

Tuesday, November 9

The eruption that began on Friday continued a day with less intensity, as more bodies were recovered from the villages destroyed by pyroclastic flows.

On November 9 announced that BNPB considers the eruptive activity of 2010 have surpassed the activities of the mountain erupted in 1872. Based on historical documents, the eruption of Merapi was recorded in 1872 for 120 hours, while the eruption of 2010 and had submitted five days incessant activity from Thursday through Nov. 4 and Nov. 8 broke more than 120 or more hours without stopping. Subandriyo, head of the Volcano Technology Research and Development Institution (Balai Teknologi Penyelidikan give Pengembangan Kegunungapian) (BPPTK) in Yogyakarta, has revealed that clouds of hot ash during the eruption of 138 years ago had a maximum range of only 11 to 12 km (36.000 to 39.000 feet), while the actual eruptions were reaching 14.5 kilometers (48,000 feet). The Centre for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG) geological agency, bureau chief, Dr. Surono November 9 announced that during the hours of 06:00 to 00:00 eruptions were continuing with sequential volcanoes, earthquakes , trembling avalanches in the fast moving clouds were still on the road, about 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) south-west. Yogyakarta residents and displaced persons were reminded that the threat of pyroclastic clouds of ash and lahar flooding remained. The citizens of Yogyakarta was also reminded to observe the instruction to remain outside a radius of 20 km (12 miles) from the summit of Merapi.

On 9 November, an earthquake of magnitude 5.6 was felt in Yogyakarta. Reports of the Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), the detailed tectonic earthquake, measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale as (SR) in 14:03:27. The epicenter was 125 km (78 miles) south-west of Bantul, precisely at 8.98 south latitude (LS) and 110.08 east longitude (BT) to a depth of 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) . [44] [45] the quake's epicenter was at sea and has a potential tsunami. This type of tectonic earthquakes are derived from volcanic activity of Mount Merapi. [6] On the night of November 9 was an explosion of ash reaching up to 1.8 km (5,900 ft) vertically.

Wednesday, November 10

On November 10, 2010 the intensity of the eruption there was a reduction of ongoing activities, but still high stillmitting clouds and volcanic heat. The exclusion zone was maintained at 20 kilometers (12 miles)

Thursday November 11

Based on the results of visual and instrumental monitoring CVGHM (PVMBG), Nov. 11 in the activities of Mount Merapi has been found to remain high, with showers of ash and heat clouds extends to 3 km. Under these conditions, the state of volcanic activity remained at a dangerous level (level 4) with a constant danger of clouds of hot air and lava. Reports of CVGHM (PVMBG) on 11 November, eruptive activity has been observed to continue but at a lower level of intensity. Seventeen avalanches were recorded with an eruption of hot ash and volcanic earthquakes. The volcano has remained level 4 alarm with a recommendation of a "Warning" in the pipeline. The refugees were held at a distance of 20 km.

Wednesday, November 17

CVGHM Relations (PVMPG) eruptive activity through clouds of hot air, plumes of smoke, volcanic avalanches and earthquakes continued for 16, 17 and 18 November. Gray and white smoke was reported that emerges from Merapi, with columns of smoke rising to 1,500 meters (4,900 feet). Emissions of smoke continued to drift south and southwest of the mountain. Based on monitoring and evaluation by CVGHM (PVMPG) the activities of Mount Merapi was still considered to remain at a high level, Nov. 18. The state of activity of the volcano remained at Alert Level (Level 4). The threat of imminent danger of eruption has continued to be attributed to clouds of hot air and ash (awanpanas) with indirect threats attributable to the expulsion of lava.

At the end of November

In late November, Mount Merapi is still on alert due to threats in the form of hot clouds and lava. Eruptions continue to be reported by PVMPG November 26, but are presented with a reduced frequency in those early months. The PVMPG still establish the conditions on the status of Merapi to WARNING (level 4). The immediate danger of Mount Merapi is still clouds of hot ash eruptions and indirect threats as lava and lahars. Exclusion zones that are recommended was maintained between 5 and 20 km.

The mountain was still erupting November 30, 2010 and was the official alert level remained at 4.

December

Friday, December 3, 2010, the head of the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. He, accompanied by the Director of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press statement BNPB command in Yogyakarta. As of December 3, 2010, at 09:00, CVGHM (PVMBG) reduced the status of Mount Merapi precautionary alert level (level III). They explained that with this level of alert to the potential of the clouds of hot ash and incandescent material was ejected. The geological agency provided a series of recommendations, including that there would be community activities in areas prone to disasters and called for a permanent exclusion zone of 2.5 km (1.6 miles).

Lava Dome Deformation

During the last week of October 2010 deformation measurements were performed by electric distance measurement (EDM), the use of reflectors mounted around the top of Mount Merapi. The measurement results indicate a rapid increase in the rate of growth of the dome of lava accumulation events eruption of 25-26 October 2010.

In late September 2010, the maximum inflation rate of Mount Merapi lava dome was measured by EDM to a growth rate of 6 mm (0.24 in). The rate of inflation until next October 21, 2010 amounted to 105 mm (4.1 inches) per day. The inflation rate then a sharp increase, reaching 420 mm (17 inches) per day on October 24, 2010. [53] On 25 October, the average growth rate, measured by six points in EDM October 24 to 25 had increased to 500 mm (20 inches) per day.

The information gathered at the site indicated that the relaxation of the slopes of the mountain was much faster during the current event compared to that observed during the 2006 event.

On 26 October, the director of the Indonesian Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Surono, reiterated his earlier claims that the biggest concern was pressure building behind a massive lava dome that has formed near the tip of crater. "Energy is building .... We hope that will be revealed little by little," he said. "Otherwise, we are looking for a potentially huge eruption, bigger than anything we've seen in recent years." Surono also said said the loosening of the slopes of the mountain was much faster this time, indicating a greater accumulation of gases and the eruption so much more explosive, and speculated that the Merapi may erupt explosively , as it did in 1930, and not just expel gas eruptions in 2006.

At November 5, after a week of constant eruptions, experts monitoring Merapi has reported that "puzzled" that, despite earlier predictions that the next eruption, the initial explosion in the previous week will relieve the pressure behind construction of a dome of magma, but the intensification of the eruptions. An estimated 50 million cubic meters of volcanic material was released on November 5. "It was the highest in at least a century," said Gede Swantika, a volcanologist at the state, commenting on the eruption of November 5, as columns of smoke rose over 10,000 meters (33,000 feet).

On November 17 Dr. Surono, head of the Volcanology and Geological Disaster Management Agency CVGHM (PVMBG) reported that Merapi was still spewing ash and rocks. "Most of the initial eruption spewed ash to the south of Yogyakarta Sleman, but now blowing from the west of Magelang, Central Java," said Surono. Successive eruptions was not as strong due to the formation of three new washes openings in addition to the main crater. This has helped reduce the intensity of the eruptions. "If you look at the top of the mountain at night, you will notice three small bright spots," said Surono. "That's really a good sign because it means that the volcano is releasing all its stored energy more quickly."

Casualities

On October 26, at least 18 people, including a two months old, were found dead from burns and respiratory failure due to ash from the eruption. Thousands of people were evacuated to 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) around the volcano.

For Wednesday, October 27 the death toll had risen to at least 25. The death toll includes an elder, Mbah Maridjan (Marijan grandfather), the volcano known as the spiritual guardian, who was found dead at his home about 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) from the summit. The Kraton Yogyakarta later confirmed his death. The exclusion zone of 10 km (6.2 miles) was in force at the disposal of the volcano and a constant search and rescue operations continue in place, in an attempt to identify other victims of the eruption the day before.

Thereafter, the revised budget of up to 30 people enrolled in Yogyakarta Dr. Sardjito hospital with 17 hospitalized, most with burns, respiratory problems and other injuries. Prior to October 27 two of the 28 bodies had been identified in the hospital. Yuniawan Nugroho, an editor with vivanews.com news portal, is reported to have been killed in the course of reporting on the night of Tuesday, October 26 the other was later identified as Indonesia tutur Priyanto, a 36 year old man working for the Red Cross volunteer in the mountains. Tutur Priyanto was recovering and escorting residents from the slopes of the mountain. After making numerous trips back to an additional rise at 15.00 to help others down the mountain and died during a subsequent eruptions. The National Disaster Mitigation in Indonesia, said the agency at 10:00 am on Nov. 1 that 38 people were killed and 69,533 evacuated Merapi eruption began on 26 October. The victims came Sleman district, Yogyakarta, where 37 people (including 25 men and 12 women), and 1 child died. Indonesia volcanology agency has warned that flights around Yogyakarta may be disrupted.

On the evening of November 5, Indonesia's National Disaster Management Agency reported 122 deaths attributable to the eruptions of Merapi, most residents of Sleman, Daerah Istimewa, Yogyakarta. In the report presented to 15.00 additional victims who died Nov. 5 has contributed up to 64 people in total, including mainly the residents of Sleman, Yogyakarta (DIY). They died from heat exposure of the clouds of Mount Merapi on Friday at 01:00 am. 151 other people were reported injured admitted to four hospitals in Yogyakarta. Dr. Sardjito hospital had 78 people, the Bethesda Hospital had 6 people, 35 people Suradji the hospital, people Tirtonegoro 7 and Sleman Rapih hospital Pantyhose 25 people. Most of the victims died of heat in the clouds at about 8 kilometers (5.0 miles) from the summit. [64] Bronggang, 14.5 km (9.0 miles) from the crater, was designated a safe area. The soldiers joined rescue operations there, pulling at least 78 bodies from the houses and streets covered by ash 30 cm (12 inches) deep. The people there were killed when clouds of hot ash from the crater had traveled through the mountains of pyroclastic flows, with speeds up to 100 km (62 miles) per hour and wrapped his people. The injured were removed on a stretcher with a pile of clothes, blankets and mattresses to their skin melted by heat. Many of the dead on November 5 children were Argomulyo village, 18 kilometers (11 miles) from the crater, according to emergency response officials and witnesses. On November 5, complete emergency response operations have been announced, under the unified command of Syamsul Muarif, the head of Indonesia's National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB), in collaboration with the Governor of Yogyakarta, the Governor of Central Java, commander of the Diponegoro, IV, Central Java military, Central Java police chief and police chief (Polda-DIY-National Police) in Yogyakarta.

On the morning of November 6 BNPB reported victim. At that time there were 198,488 refugees, 218 people were injured and 114 people were recorded as killed. All the victims were from the districts of Sleman, Magelang, Klaten and Boyolali.

The JakartaGlobe reported November 8 that at least 135 people died on the slopes of Merapi over the last two weeks, and that the authorities were struggling Sunday to help the wounded from the massive eruption on Friday. The bodies of four members of the Disaster Response Team of Indonesia have been found in the slopes of Mount Merapi, on Monday, November 8. A Search (SAR) and the rescue team found the bodies near the barracks at 06:00 Glagaharjo. The building was destroyed by a volcanic mudslide recovery in yields second of the game. The team has reportedly recovered four bodies and see each other. Other people Banjarsari body was found by an Army Special Forces (Kopassus) team. However, emergency officials had to withdraw as eruptions made their presence felt on the runways too dangerous. A cloud of hot ash from an eruption has forced the SAR team to leave the area with only a corpse, while the other three bodies were left behind. The Jakarta Globe, citing the Antara news agency reported the same day for a total of six bodies of members of the Disaster Response Team disappeared were recovered in the village of Glagaharjo in Sleman, Yogyakarta. The bodies of two other members of response teams, known as Tagana were still found or recovered. The victims had been missing since Thursday and is presumed dead.

Monday November '8 Dr. Surono, head of the Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG) reminded volunteers and rescuers eruptive activity remains high. Volunteers are reminded to be aware of the danger presented by deadly pyroclastic clouds and were encouraged to focus on helping those living in shelters for refugees rather than be concerned about the disposal of the dead from the mountain. It was clarified by Dr. Surono special forces, only the specialized equipment for search and rescue, and police should be involved in these highly dangerous activities. Nine more victims died from the eruption of Mount Merapi further Yogyakata Sardjito hospital doctor on Monday 09 November, bringing the total number of deaths rather than 97, with 103 victims still being treated in hospital.

The death toll was reported that more than 153 by November 09, reported at least 320,000 people have been evacuated to emergency shelters. A hospital has recorded over 12 bodies brought to the mortuary on 09 November, including seven out of a destroyed village. Five other people were being treated for burns died.

The Agency for National Disaster Management announced Nov. 11 that the death toll after the first eruption on October 26 had risen to 194, three quarters of the scorching hot flashes during the largest eruptions and included deaths respiratory problems, seizures, heart disease and related outbreaks.

The number of people killed by the eruptions had risen to 275 by November 18. The National Disaster Management announced the death toll had risen after the more than a dozen victims succumbed to their injuries, most of which come from severe burns. Most of the 275 people were reported killed by clouds of burning gas and respiratory complications, burns and other diseases related to the eruptions. Some of the victims died in traffic accidents and other in panic during the exodus from the mountains. On 22 November, the death toll had risen to 304 on November 24 the budget increased to 324. Syamsul Maarif, director of the National Disaster Mitigation (BNPB) said the death toll had risen after a certain number of the victims succumbed to severe burns and other organs are on the slopes of the volcano. To 03 December, the budget had increased to 353.

Civil Impacts

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono arrived in Yogyakarta, on the night of Friday, November 5 and had left his command post in the Gedung Agung, the presidential residence 30 kilometers south of the volcano. Yudhoyono said he had also assigned Agung Laksono, Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, to coordinate aid from central government. The brigade to mobilize an army to build makeshift hospitals and public kitchens to serve the growing number of displaced persons. The President also announced that the coordination of disaster mitigation for the eruption was responsible for Syamsul Maarif, the head of the National Disaster Mitigation (BNPB). "In terms of scale and continuity of the disaster, I decided that the command is now in the hands of the BNPB head with the help of Yogyakarta and Central Java governor, military commander and police chiefs Diponegoro Central Java and Yogyakarta , "he said, adding that the decision was effective from Friday.

The alert level for the volcano has remained at level 4. On 6 November, the official exclusion zone was within 20 km (12 miles) from the summit of Mount Merapi. The refugee camps that were previously in a radius of 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) have been re-located to ensure positions added burden of logistics and delivery of basic needs to people displaced by evacuations.

At 7, due to volcanic eruptions and ash falls around November of Central Java, the price of many vegetables, like potatoes and water spinach have been reported as increasing. Schools were closed reported up to 120 km (75 miles) west of Yogyakarta.

On November 8, on a directive of the President and Prime Minister of the UAE UAE Authority Crescent (Red Cross) has responded to calls by officials in Indonesia to help the people of Yogyakarta and is providing a field hospital. The head of the medical services of the Ministry of Interior, UAE Brig. Salem Al-Junaibi should be composed of medical and administrative staff will be created in more than 20 km 'safe area' of the mountain.

Acute respiratory infection, hypertension and headache hits Mount Merapi eruption survivors. "Displaced people are so vulnerable to these diseases," said a Health Ministry official Supriyantoro Sunday, November 7. The refugees have received medical care in clinics set up inside the homes of refugees with the most serious cases are sent to local hospitals, Mount Merapi refugees were not forced to pay for medical care. 45 hospitals and 100 health centers were serving victims of Mount Merapi eruption in the districts of Sleman, Klaten, Magelang and Boyolali, he said. "But we (health professionals) have difficulty taking care of health problems' of refugees, as many refugees moved from one shelter to another." When asked about medical supplies for refugees, especially those with severe burns, said supplies were insufficient, but the situation could be addressed and overcome.

Tuesday, November 9, Red Cross of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla has encouraged the development of a curriculum to assist in disaster preparedness for natural disasters ("ADA Haruz kurikulum kebencanaan") through continuous training and education.

Reported that 320,000 people were evacuated to emergency shelters on November 9 following the extension of the evacuation zone in the previous week. Many children were separated from their parents because of the chaos surrounding the mass exodus of refugees fleeing the slopes of the mountains and refugees living in crowded temporary shelters after being ordered to evacuate-20 mph zone danger "" around Mount Merapi. "We are concerned about children who have not yet joined their parents," said Makbul Mubarak, a coordinator of volunteers who are trying to reunite separated families.

A 100.2 FM Radio Merapi Response "talk show" presented the Governor of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, the head of the BNPB, Dr. Syamsul Maarif, PVMBG chief, Dr. Surono the night of Nov. 11. A media center and call centers were also established groping to help close the information gap concerning information about current conditions and management of victims of Merapi. BNPB said that many issues and the media are misleading and irresponsible SMS and many children were in circulation. Since then, more than 350,000 people were evacuated to emergency shelters overcrowded. Thousands of displaced people are in limbo in camps are a real threat to their mental health. Supriyantoro, Director General, Ministry of Health for medical services, said his office had noticed that many of the evacuees began to show symptoms of mild mental health problems, which he said is not surprising, given the current situation. Preliminary results showed at least eight people suffering from severe depression and anxiety, while a man had committed suicide, apparently due to stress.

Thursday, November 18, the Government of Australia Department of Foreign Affairs issued a second update to its November 11 bulletin travel advisory acknowledges the announcement by the Indonesian authorities on November 15, reducing the exclusion zone of 20 km some regions around Mount Merapi. The exclusion zone was reduced to 15 km (9.3 miles) in the district (Kabupaten) of Magelang and 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in the districts of Klaten and Boyolali. The exclusion zone in Sleman district, the city of Yogyakarta, has remained at 20 kilometers (12 miles). The exclusion zone does not include the metropolitan areas of Yogyakarta or Adisucipto International Airport, however, reported that the Indonesian government Adisucipto International Airport would be closed until at least November 20. Other airports in Java has been subject to periodic closure due to volcanic activity on Mount Merapi. The report recommends that the trip, or eruptions of the extent of the exclusion zone of the government of Indonesia could cause serious disruption in services of Yogyakarta and its surroundings. By the time the advice was issued Yogyakarta residents were still able to leave the city by road and rail, however, any possible extension of the exclusion zone are considered to have the potential to affect the availability of first choices. It was noted that there had been a deterioration of air quality in Yogyakarta ash falling on the city. It was warned that volcanic ash can cause breathing difficulties, especially for people with chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema or bronchitis.

Social Welfare Minister of Indonesia, Salim al-Jufri Segaf November 19 announced that the government plans to end the period of emergency by the eruption of Mount Merapi disaster, Nov. 24. "We will maintain the emergency response period until 24 November. If the term is extended or not depends on the situation." Speaking to reporters at the Magelang district, said Mount Merapi evacuees could return home after the volcano was a "warning" was reduced. The Ministry of Social Welfare has distributed relief packages containing basic food and blankets for emergency response. After the deadline for responding to emergencies, the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) plans to begin implementing the programs of reconstruction and rehabilitation of victims of Mount Merapi. In mid-November, the eruption had damaged 867 hectares of forest on the slopes of the volcano in the district of Sleman, Yogyakarta, with material losses estimated at Rp33 billion. The damaged areas included the Merapi National Park, community forests and farms and plantations of local populations. Magelang district administration has decided to extend the emergency period, which ends on November 24, for an additional two weeks to 09 December, the alert status of Merapi still remained at the highest level in late November 2010. Prawoto Heri, the office of the District Disaster Management was quoted as saying that "there is still the possibility that some areas in Magelang be affected by volcanic debris."

Disaster Management Agency reported Yogyakarta in late November there were 500 cases of survivors of the eruption of Sleman district with less serious psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang.

Volcanic ash cloud

Flight interruption

Successive eruptions and volcanic ash plumes caused extensive disruption to aviation movements throughout Central and West Java, in early November. Some flights to and from Bandung, Jakarta and only have been made and many national and international airlines suspended operations to and from those cities. Yogyakarta Adisucipto International Airport has been closed several times in early November due to poor visibility and ash falling on the runway, taxiways, aprons and terminals. Adisucipto International Airport is the third busiest airport in the island of Java and is about 13.5 Nm (25 km (16 mi)) south of Merapi. An Airbus A330-300 flights operated by airlines such as Garuda Hajj pilgrimage solo 19NM Adisumarmo International Airport (35 miles) east of Merapi and travel on the route from Batam to Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) is reported to have suffered ash corresponding to engine damage October 28. However, after having been informed of rubbing the tip of the blade and apparently not damaged by the ingestion of volcanic ash.

On November 3, Garuda Indonesia deviated from its point of departure for the pilgrims of the soloist to Surabaya to keep flights from a postponement of the volcanic ash eruption of Mount Merapi.

On November 4, Herry Bakti Gumay, Director General of Air Transportation, said the announcement issued to all airlines that operate flights to Yogyakarta will not retire until the alarm condition returned to normal. Transport Minister Freddy such numbers, speaking in Jakarta, said he had instructed the airline to carry out all flights through Java to the north or south to avoid Merapi. "We have already established alternative routes for all flights," he said. "It may cost more and consume more fuel, but safety comes first."

On 5 November, at 05:27 (UTC), the Government Office of Meteorology, Australia (VAAC) issued an Aviation Course Code Red Volcanic Ash Advisory and reported satellite images (MTSAT-2) information obtained indicates a volcanic ash cloud FL550 OBS extends 190 nautical miles west and south-west of mountain.Yogyakarta 's Adisucipto International Airport (JOG) was closed and flights were diverted to Solo Adisumarmo International Airport (SOC) to east of Mount Merapi. [86]

On 6 November the Government Office at 11:07 (UTC) Meteorology of Australia (VAAC) issued an Aviation Course Code Red Volcanic Ash Advisory and reported satellite images (MTSAT-2) information obtained indicates a volcanic ash cloud FL550 OBS extends 190 nautical miles (352 kilometers (219 miles)) to the west of the mountain. In Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta (CGK airport) Airlines canceled 36 flights on 6 November to worry about volcanic ash. The Office of Disaster Management reported that Indonesia's Merapi volcano ash fell in Jakarta and in some nearby areas such as Bogor and Puncak on Saturday night November 6, but only very slight fall.

For the November 7, the Volcanic Ash Advisory issued by Darwin Aviation in Australia reported the volcanic ash cloud "in FL250 OBS extends to 100 nautical miles west." The fighting in the cities near Merapi in Yogyakarta, Solo and Bandung have been affected by concerns of ash in the air around the mountain and blowing from the plume of ash in the mountains west and southwest of Merapi. The closure of smaller airports near the volcano has delayed the arrival of burn cream and fans for those whose skin and lungs have been damaged by the escape of ash and volcanic heat. The VAAC red code status was granted again to that day, describing an ash cloud that extends to the west, 120 nm (222 km (138 miles)), recent observations in progress at 08:30 (UTC ) 14:30 local time in Yogyakarta.

In Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta (CGK) airline canceled 50 flights Sunday, November 7 and 36 flights canceled, November 6 to be concerned by volcanic ash. Many international airlines halted flights to the capital, but some companies resumed some flights on Sunday, November 7. Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta airport normally handles about 900 flights a day and a spokesman for Soekarno-Hatta airport, confirmed that the capital's airport remained fully open. The airline Garuda Indonesia and Lion Air flights being operated Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Garuda Indonesia spokesman Pujobroto kompas.com news portal, "There has been no notification to the pilot so far by the aviation authorities said the airport is affected by volcanic ash. Therefore Garuda continues its activities" .

Domestic flights to and from Yogyakarta were canceled by Garuda Indonesia: 15 departing flights (7.8 of arrival), Lion Air: 4 departing flights (3/1 arrival), Batavia Air: 2 flights of output (1 / Arrival 1 .) AirAsia (Malaysia) had suspended flights to Yogyakarta and Solo and SilkAir (Singapore) had suspended operations only. Airport operations in Yogyakarta Adisucipto airport had been closed or suspended several times due to concerns from the rain of ash and limited visibility. Sriwijaya Garuda and Air canceled all flights to Yogyakarta to 9, due to the ash cloud November. Pujobroto, vice president of corporate communications, Garuda Indonesia has announced that the flight conditions between Yogyakarta and Solo also remains uncertain, Yogyakarta flights will not be diverted to the family and reiterated that there had been no official statement that the airport Soekarno Hatta was affected by volcanic ash from Merapi and was not closed. "Garuda will continue its services to domestic and international flights from and to Soekarno Hatta airport." [92]

Air Transport Department Director General Herry Bakti November 8 announced that flights in and out of Sukarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta returned to normal.

Thursday, November '11, the ash continues to spread in West Java and Jakarta fell by just under Volcanic Ash Advisory Center according to Darwin, Australia. Flight activity at the airport in Jakarta was normal and the Yogyakarta airport was closed until Monday 15 November. On the morning of November 11, the volcano was expelling ash 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) in the air. High level clouds were observed over the Indian Ocean and is believed to be carrying the volcanic ash. A code red, aviation signal and continued to 16:41 a cloud of volcanic ash seems to have been extended to 25,000 feet (7,600 m)-FL250 extends to 150 nautical miles (240 km 2.4 x 1011 ml) West. It was noted that day traveling 150 nautical miles (240 km 2.4 x 1011 ml) north-west as it did the day before. The volcano was observed in 4 to 8 November by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura spacecraft NASA, and the images showed a cloud of sulfur dioxide released into the upper troposphere. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas that can harm human health and the Earth's climate cool. Besides increasing the risk of acid rain, the ions can react to form particles that reflect sunlight. On November 9, 2010, the Center for Volcanic Ash Advisory Darwin, Australia, also reported a cloud of sulfur dioxide on the Indian Ocean, between 12,000 and 15,000 meters (40,000 and 50,000 feet) in the upper troposphere.

The Government of Australia Department of Foreign Affairs issued a travel advisory bulletin on November 18 stated that the exclusion zone in place at that time did not include the metropolitan areas of Yogyakarta or Adisucipto International Airport. The government of Indonesia has indicated that Adisucipto International Airport will be closed until at least November 20, while other airports in Java has been the subject of periodic closure due to volcanic activity on Mount Merapi. It was also noted that there had been a deterioration of air quality in Yogyakarta ash falling on the city. It was warned that volcanic ash can cause breathing difficulties, especially for people with chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema or bronchitis with a warning also that volcanic activity on Mount Merapi has been steady and could take to promote disruptions in international and domestic flights to locations throughout Indonesia. Acting on information from the images Darwin VAAC MSTAT November 19 reported an ash cloud observed at an altitude (15,000 feet (4,600 m) - F150), which extends 40 nautical miles (75 kilometers (47 miles)) to the west of the mountain. (VAAC) of L 'Aviation Volcanic Ash Advisory red code alert was applied (UTC) 10:50 advisory, raised by a code orange, previously released at 06:36 (UTC).

Effect on Borobudur

Borobudur, a Buddhist temple of the eighth century, and one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world, has been strongly influenced by the eruption in early November 2010. Volcanic ash from Mount Merapi, fell into the temple complex, which is about 28 km (17 miles) west-southwest of the crater. A layer of ash up to 2.5 cm (one) fell in the statues of the temple during the eruption from 03 to 05 11, killing nearby vegetation, with experts fear that acid ash can damage the historic site . The temple complex was closed from November 5 to 9 to clean the ash fall.

Borobudur was once again "temporarily closed" for tourists from the morning of 10 due to continued volcanic ash fall in the month of November.